• Skip to primary navigation
  • Skip to main content
  • Skip to primary sidebar
  • Skip to footer

Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity – AIRI

  • Home
  • About Us
    • Center Activities
    • Vision, Mission and Goals
    • Center Faculty
    • Steering Committee
    • Press
  • Research
    • Scientific Projects
    • Research Papers
  • Laboratories
    • Machine Learning
    • Natural Speech & Language Processing
    • Blockchain Technology
    • Information Processing & Pattern Recognition
    • AI in Medicine
    • Data Mining
    • Computer Vision
    • Complex Networks
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Maritime Cybersecurity
    • Autonomous Navigation
    • AI in Mechatronics
    • AI in Education
    • Hybrid Computational Methods
    • Drug Design
    • Legal Aspects of AI
    • Ethically Aligned AI
    • Cultural Complexity
    • Trustworthy and Explainable AI
  • Collaboration
    • Industry Collaboration
    • Industry Projects
    • International Collaboration
  • News
  • Contact
  • Login

Benchmarking Security and Reliability of Open-Source and Commercial Large Language Models in Financial-Domain Scenarios

03.11.2026

Large language models (LLMs) are adopted in financial services, yet existing benchmarks provide limited insight into financial-domain capability, regulatory compliance-action performance, and security robustness. This study proposes a unified multidimensional evaluation framework for evaluating open-source and commercial LLMs in regulated financial environments. The framework comprises three complementary benchmark components: the Integrated Financial Benchmark (IFB), which integrates financial-domain benchmarks for capability evaluation; the newly developed RegBench for context-grounded regulatory compliance-action performance; and the newly developed FinSec-Eval-1000 for adversarial robustness. Eight LLMs, including five open-source and three commercial models, were evaluated using an inference pipeline, task-specific metrics, statistical testing, and a Composite Security Score (SS). Claude Sonnet 4.6 achieved the highest IFB performance (68.72%) and four-judge mean security robustness (97.43%), while GPT-5.1 achieved the highest RegBench performance (50.28%). Among open-source models, Gemma 3 12B led on IFB (63.50%), whereas Phi-3-small achieved the strongest open-source RegBench (49.22%) and four-judge mean security (92.78%) results, demonstrating that model rankings vary across evaluation dimensions. No detectable monotonic association was observed between financial capability and security robustness (Spearman’s ρ = 0.095, p = 0.823). The benchmarking framework provides a transparent and reproducible methodology for multidimensional LLM evaluation and supports informed model selection in regulated financial environments

Authors:
Marko Pribisalić, Sanda Martinčić-Ipšić
Journal:
FinTech
Publishing date:
02.11.2026
View original article

Primary Sidebar

Latest Projects

Knowledge Graphs in the Era of Large Language Models (KGELL)

LIVE Quantum – Development of an Integrated AI Platform for Multichannel Personalized Management of User Requests

Predicting Anomalous Trajectories Using Machine Learning

Adaptive Algorithms for Integrating Compressive Sensing with Deep Learning

Deep Learning for Smart Energy Systems Management

Latest Research Papers

Benchmarking Security and Reliability of Open-Source and Commercial Large Language Models in Financial-Domain Scenarios

Forecasting Maritime Vessel Trajectories: A Comprehensive Review of Data-Driven Approaches

Hybrid Deep Learning Models for Medium-Term Electricity Load Forecasting

Machine Learning for Ship-Motion-Based Sea-State Estimation

Security and Privacy of Large Language Models: Threat Taxonomy, Ethical Implications, and Governance

Latest News

Knowledge Graphs in the Era of Large Language Models (KGELL)

LIVE Quantum – Development of an Integrated AI Platform for Multichannel Personalized Management of User Requests

LIVE Quantum project kick-off meeting

Pretraining and evaluation of BERT models for climate research

Invited lecture: “About the first GPS receiver on the Moon, and the other NASA space PNT stories” by James J. Miller (NASA)

We provide the expertise for solving real world problems using AI

If your company wants to implement artificial intelligence in your products or services, or increase your level of cybersecurity, our multidisciplinary team of scientists is your ideal partner.

Contact us

Footer

Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity
  • jlerga@airi.uniri.hr
  • +385 51 406 500

University of Rijeka

University of Rijeka

About the Center

  • About Us
  • News
  • Privacy Policy
  • Contact

Center Activities

  • Laboratories
  • Scientific Projects
  • Industry Projects
  • Research Papers
  • Industry Collaboration
  • International Collaboration

Footer bottom left

© 2020 Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, all rights reserved.

Designed & developed by Nela Dunato Art & Design